CATALYST: The CATALYST group represents a sustained commitment by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) to perform foundational coordinated research toward understanding of initialized Earth system predictability of MOV across spatiotemporal scales using models, observations, machine learning (ML), and process studies. To advance this goal CATALYST uses E3SM and CESM in tandem to better understand Earth system interactions across spatiotemporal scales (S2C, R2G) that connect MOV to high-impact events and tipping points in order to advance Earth system predictability of MOV relevant to energy and environment decision makers.